Toxicology is the study of how chemicals poison biological systems. Metals and particulates cause human cancer. Our focus is primarily on lung cancer though we do work on basic mechanism that can be applied to many other cancers. Metals and particulates are known to cause human lung cancer especially when they are inhaled. We seek to understand how chemicals, particularly environmental pollutants turn normal cells into cancer cells.Some of the metal and particulate projects in the Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicity include: